Signal Transmission and Encoding

A line code is the code used for data transmission of a digital signal over a transmission line. This process of coding is chosen so as to avoid overlap and distortion of signal such as inter-symbol interference.

Properties of Line Coding

Following are the properties of line coding −

• As the coding is done to make more bits transmit on a single signal, the bandwidth used is much reduced.
• For a given bandwidth, the power is efficiently used.
• The probability of error is much reduced.
• Error detection is done and the bipolar too has a correction capability.
• Power density is much favorable.
• The timing content is adequate.
• Long strings of 1s and 0s is avoided to maintain transparency.

Types of Line Coding

There are 3 types of Line Coding

• Unipolar
• Polar
• Bi-polar

Unipolar Signaling

Unipolar signaling is also called as On-Off Keying or simply OOK.

The presence of pulse represents a 1 and the absence of pulse represents a 0.

There are two variations in Unipolar signaling −

• Non Return to Zero NRZ
• Return to Zero RZ

Unipolar Non-Return to Zero NRZ

In this type of unipolar signaling, a High in data is represented by a positive pulse called as Mark, which has a duration T₀ equal to the symbol bit duration. A Low in data input has no pulse.

The following figure clearly depicts this.

Advantages

The advantages of Unipolar NRZ are −

• It is simple.
• A lesser bandwidth is required.

Disadvantages

The disadvantages of Unipolar NRZ are −

• No error correction done.
• Presence of low frequency components may cause the signal droop.
• No clock is present.
• Loss of synchronization is likely to occur (especially for long strings of 1s and 0s).

Unipolar Return to Zero

In this type of unipolar signaling, a High in data, though represented by a Mark pulse, its duration T₀ is less than the symbol bit duration. Half of the bit duration remains high but it immediately returns to zero and shows the absence of pulse during the remaining half of the bit duration.

It is clearly understood with the help of the following figure.

Advantages

The advantages of Unipolar RZ are −

• It is simple.
• The spectral line present at the symbol rate can be used as a clock.

Disadvantages

The disadvantages of Unipolar RZ are −

• No error correction.
• Occupies twice the bandwidth as unipolar NRZ.
• The signal droop is caused at the places where signal is non-zero at 0 Hz.

Polar Signaling

There are two methods of Polar Signaling. They are −

• Polar NRZ
• Polar RZ

Polar NRZ

In this type of Polar signaling, a High in data is represented by a positive pulse, while a Low in data is represented by a negative pulse. The following figure depicts this well.

Advantages

The advantages of Polar NRZ are −

• It is simple.
• No low-frequency components are present.

Disadvantages

The disadvantages of Polar NRZ are −

• No error correction.
• No clock is present.
• The signal droop is caused at the places where the signal is non-zero at 0 Hz.

Polar RZ

In this type of Polar signaling, a High in data, though represented by a Mark pulse, its duration T₀ is less than the symbol bit duration. Half of the bit duration remains high but it immediately returns to zero and shows the absence of pulse during the remaining half of the bit duration.

However, for a Low input, a negative pulse represents the data, and the zero level remains same for the other half of the bit duration. The following figure depicts this clearly.

Advantages

The advantages of Polar RZ are −

• It is simple.
• No low-frequency components are present.

Disadvantages

The disadvantages of Polar RZ are −

• No error correction.
• No clock is present.
• Occupies twice the bandwidth of Polar NRZ.
• The signal droop is caused at places where the signal is non-zero at 0 Hz.

Bipolar Signaling

This is an encoding technique which has three voltage levels namely +, - and 0. Such a signal is called as duo-binary signal.

An example of this type is Alternate Mark Inversion AMI. For a 1, the voltage level gets a transition from + to – or from – to +, having alternate 1s to be of equal polarity. A 0 will have a zero voltage level.

Even in this method, we have two types.

• Bipolar NRZ
• Bipolar RZ

From the models so far discussed, we have learnt the difference between NRZ and RZ. It just goes in the same way here too. The following figure clearly depicts this.

The above figure has both the Bipolar NRZ and RZ waveforms. The pulse duration and symbol bit duration are equal in NRZ type, while the pulse duration is half of the symbol bit duration in RZ type.

Advantages

Following are the advantages −

• It is simple.
• No low-frequency components are present.
• Occupies low bandwidth than unipolar and polar NRZ schemes.
• This technique is suitable for transmission over AC coupled lines, as signal drooping doesn’t occur here.
• A single error detection capability is present in this.

Disadvantages

Following are the disadvantages −

• No clock is present.
• Long strings of data causes loss of synchronization.

Manchester

• It changes the signal at the middle of the bit interval but does not return to zero for synchronization.
• In Manchester encoding, a negative-to-positive transition represents binary 1, and positive-to-negative transition represents 0.
• Manchester has the same level of synchronization as RZ scheme except that it has two levels of amplitude.

Differential Manchester

• It changes the signal at the middle of the bit interval for synchronization, but the presence or absence of the transition at the beginning of the interval determines the bit. A transition means binary 0 and no transition means binary 1.
• In Manchester Encoding scheme, two signal changes represent 0 and one signal change represent 1.